t-Test and ANOVA In Clinical Practice: Article Analysis Paper

 t-Test and ANOVA In Clinical Practice: Article Analysis Paper

Generation Gaps in Digital Health Literacy and Their Impact on Health Information Seeking Behavior and Health Empowerment in Hungary

Study Summary

The study was conducted in Hungary. The study’s main objective was to investigate generational differences associated with the perception of eHealth literacy and health care system utilization in Hungary. The overall study design was cross-sectional with a total sample of 522 participants who belonged to either one of the age categories, namely, Baby boomers, X, Y, or Z. Data collection was web-based, and the study variables included eHealth literacy (as measured by eHeals score, number of care appointments, web health information seeking, and perceived gain of knowledge. Mixed methods were used to answer the study’s primary objective, including linear regression, correlation, and one-way ANOVA to compare scores across generations. This study revealed significant variations in eHealth literacy and perceived knowledge gained across generations. Among the Boomers generation, appointments were found to be associated with internet health information-seeking behavior whereas, in generation X, it was associated with eHeals. The study concluded that internet health-seeking behavior was more or less the same across generations. This could provide a solid basis for developing eHealth literacy skills in Hungarian Health Programs.

Reflection

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical test used to compare means of more than three populations with an outcome variable being continuous in nature. Three or more random samples are drawn from the different populations and continuous outcomes are measured. The assumptions of the ANOVA include the independence of random samples collected, normal distribution for the continuous outcome, and equal variance across populations. If these assumptions are violated, the results obtained are likely to be unreliable.

In this study, one-way ANOVA was used to compare scores across generations under the hypothesis that there were no significant differences in scores across the generation groups. The authors assessed the underlying assumptions that govern the use of ANOVA and highted that the outcome variable (scores) was not normally distributed, which violates the normality assumption. To address this issue, a non-parametric alternative to one-way ANOVA, namely Kruskal-Wallis test, which has less stringent assumptions, was used to compare scores across the different generations and the results generated.

Good practice was employed in using this statistical analysis methodology as proceeding with ANOVA when assumptions are violated would have resulted in less reliable results. In some studies, authors, instead of using non-parametric methods, opt to transforming /normalizing the continuous outcome/dependent variable using other statistical methods before proceeding with ANOVA.

References

Papp-Zipernovszky, O., Horváth, M. D., Schulz, P. J., & Csabai, M. (2021). Generation Gaps in Digital Health Literacy and Their Impact on Health Information Seeking Behavior and Health Empowerment in Hungary. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 635943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.635943

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Discussion: t-Tests and ANOVA in Clinical Practice
You are the DNP-prepared nurse responsible for overseeing staffing for the telehealth services provided at your practice. To determine the number of nurses that you might need for these services, you must determine how many patients might be interested in using the telehealth services versus the traditional clinical practice setting. For a week, you ask each patient visiting the practice his or her interest in setting up a visit via telehealth services. At the conclusion of the week, you use this data and reasoning to develop a statistic of the population interested in telehealth services. You have successfully used inferential statistics to help guide your decision-making for your practice.

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The scenario outlined provides a random sampling and assumptions to develop a conclusion. With assumptions, and in this case, a small random sampling, this scenario is ripe with the possibility of error. However, how might inferential statistics be used in a valid and credible way?
The design of a study determines the validity of the results, and if done following appropriate techniques, inferential statistics can determine clear differences and help researchers to form conclusions. In your Discussion, you will focus on two forms of identifying differences in groups: t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
For this Discussion, review the Learning Resources and reflect on a healthcare issue of interest to find a research article in which to analyze the use of inferential statistical analysis. Reflect on how the study was comprised, the validity of the findings, and whether or not it increased the study’s application to EBP
To Prepare:
• Consider some of the important issues in healthcare delivery or nursing practice today. Bring to mind the topics to which you have been exposed through previous courses in your program of study, as well as any news items that have caught your attention recently. Select one topic to focus on for this Discussion.
• Review journal, newspaper, and/or internet articles that may provide credible information on your selected topic. Then, select one research article to focus on for this Discussion that used inferential statistical analysis (either a t-test or ANOVA) to study the topic.
• With information from the Learning Resources in mind, evaluate the purpose and value of the research study discussed in your selected article and consider the following questions:
o Who comprised the sample in this study?
o What were the sources of data?
o What inferential statistic was used to analyze the data collected (t-test or ANOVA)?
o What were the findings?
• Ask yourself: How did using an inferential statistic bring value to the research study? Did it increase the study’s application to evidence-based practice?
By Day 3 of Week 5
Post a brief description of the topic that you selected for this Discussion. Summarize the study discussed in your selected research article and provide a complete APA citation. Be sure to include a summary of the sample studied, data sources, inferential statistic(s) used, and associated findings. Then, evaluate the purpose and value of this particular research study to the topic. Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken the study’s application to evidence-based practice? Why or why not? Be specific and provide examples.

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