Healthy People 2020 Impact Paper

Healthy People 2020 Impact Paper

NR503:Healthy People 2020 Impact Paper

Heart disease is the leading cause of mortalities and other adverse consequences among older adults. The elderly population grapples with various modifiable and non-modifiable factors that increase their susceptibility to heart disease. According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2021), aging is one of the non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases. In this sense, the aging process worsens cardiovascular functionality, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Rodgers et al., 2019). Besides the inevitable aging process, older adults are vulnerable to obesity, diabetes, raised blood lipids, the effects of an unhealthy diet, and risky habits like tobacco use, physical inactivity, and alcoholism. In the context of enhancing population health and wellness, older adults require attention and tailored interventions for health promotion. As a result, this paper focuses on heart disease among older adults in Manistee County, Michigan, explores epidemiological data regarding the disease, and discusses population-level prevention and health promotion approaches consistent with Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives.

An Overview of the Problem

Heart disease is a multifactorial cardiovascular disease (CVD) that encompasses various conditions, including irregular heartbeat, congenital heart defects, heart valve disease, and coronary artery disease. According to Mayo Clinic (2022), the primary cause of heart disease is the accumulation of cholesterol deposits (plagues) in the heart arteries, reducing blood flow from the heart to other body parts. Often, plagues deposits can trigger other cardiovascular conditions, including stroke, angina, and heart attack. The clinical manifestation of heart disease entails multiple symptoms, including chest pain and tightness, shortness of breath, numbness, and pain in the neck, throat, and upper belly area. Other symptoms of heart disease include tachycardia, bradycardia (slow heartbeat), fainting, tiring during physical exercise, swelling of ankles, hands, and feet, and fatigue (Mayo Clinic, 2020). It is essential to note that the various etiologies of heart disease, including heart valve problems, congenital heart defects, and heart arrhythmias, manifest through different symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive screening to identify the exact cause of heart disease.

Although heart disease can affect children in the form of congenital heart defects, older adults are often the at-risk population for this severe disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2019), heart disease is prevalent among older adults due to various comorbid conditions, including limited involvement in physical activities, frailty, and physical balance and strength issues. In this sense, frailty and physical balance concerns deprive older adults of opportunities to benefit from the potential importance of physical exercise, including maintaining healthy heart muscles, improved mobility, vessel elasticity, improved physical balance, and reduced blood pressure. Besides the physiological deficiencies exacerbated by aging, older adults engage in risky behaviors, including cigarette smoke, alcoholism, unhealthy diet plans, and tobacco product use (Ruan et al., 2018). Finally, older adults endure the massive burden of diabetes and chronic obstructive respiratory disease (COPD), increasing susceptibility to heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.

Epidemiological Analysis of Heart Disease

The national statistics portray heart disease as the leading cause of mortalities, increased care costs, and compromised quality of life through disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2022), one person dies every 34 seconds in the United States from cardiovascular disease. In 2020, about 697000 people succumbed to heart disease, accounting for one in five deaths. Besides contributing to high mortality rates, the disease cost the country about $229 billion annually from 2017 to 2018. The estimated economic burden of the disease accommodates various aspects of care expenditures, including lost productivity due to deaths associated with heart disease, medications, and the estimated cost of healthcare services.

In Michigan, statistics regarding the prevalence and effects of heart disease are consistent with the national trends. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2018) contends that the disease was the leading cause of death in 2017, above cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents, stroke, diabetes, kidney disease, suicide, and Alzheimer’s disease. The disease contributed to about 25,187 deaths in 2017, representing a rate of 196.1 per 1000 people. The heart disease mortality rate in the state (196.1) was higher than the average national rate (165). This factor poses a significant concern for policymakers and healthcare agencies.

Demographic aspects and social determinants of health (SDOH) are primary causal and contributing factors for high mortality rates of heart disease in Michigan. According to County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2022), about 20% of adults are tobacco users, while 30% grapple with obesity. Further, approximately 20% of adults engage in alcoholism. Only 77% of people have access to exercise opportunities. Finally, about 25% of people struggle with physical inactivity, increasing the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases. Other core determinants of health in Michigan include a 9.9% unemployment rate, 13% food insecurity, and 6% people with limited access to healthy foods. These factors explain the high prevalence of heart disease and its adverse effects, including increased mortalities.

Healthy People 2020 Goal and Objectives

Healthy People 2030 identifies heart disease as the leading cause of death and other consequences, including poor quality of life and disability in the United States. In response to the overarching need to reduce the prevalence, incidences, and consequences of heart disease, Healthy People 2030 established various goals and objectives. These objectives include improving cardiovascular health in adults by promoting healthy eating behaviors, engaging them in physical activity, and promoting interventions for smoking cessation (Healthy People 2030, 2020). Another objective of Healthy People 2030 is improving cardiovascular health in adults through interventions to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI). These objectives form the basis of population-level health promotion interventions.

Population Level Prevention and Health Promotion Interventions

A comprehensive health promotion plan for preventing and controlling heart disease among older adults should encompass a self-management education program and interventions to avert risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure, and cholesterol deposits. According to Podvorica et al. (2021), an education program for people with heart disease should focus on increasing patients’ knowledge of healthy lifestyles, including healthy diet plans, smoking cessation, and self-management approaches like regular weight monitoring. Equally, an education program should equip the target population with knowledge regarding effects, risk factors, and effective strategies for controlling blood pressure, including moderate physical exercise. It is possible to implement these health promotion programs by assessing the population’s previous and current knowledge, learning needs and abilities, learning styles, motivation, and misconceptions, as well as consolidating adequate educational materials. Finally, continuous evaluation of people’s needs and goals can form the basis of a population-level health promotion program and further self-management education.

 Conclusion

Undeniably, heart disease is the leading cause of mortalities at state, national, and global levels. Older adults are an at-risk population due to aging and susceptibility to risk behaviors and factors like alcoholism, tobacco use, physical inactivity, and obesity. As a result, it is essential to reduce their vulnerability to the disease by educating them, engaging them in moderate physical exercise, and teaching them about self-management interventions, including weight management, a healthy diet, effective stress management approaches, and smoking cessation. Regular monitoring and evaluation of older adults’ learning needs can improve the quality and outcomes of health promotion programs.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Stats of the state of Michigan. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/michigan/michigan.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, July 31). Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke — A public health issue. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/coronary-heart-disease-brief.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Heart disease facts. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm#

County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (2022). Michigan. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/michigan?year=2022

Healthy People 2030. (2020). Heart disease and stroke. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/heart-disease-and-stroke

Mayo Clinic. (2022). Heart disease – symptoms and causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

Podvorica, E., Bekteshi, T., Oruqi, M., & Kalo, I. (2021). Education of the patients living with heart disease. Materia Socio Medica, 33(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2021.33.10-15

Rodgers, J. L., Jones, J., Bolleddu, S. I., Vanthenapalli, S., Rodgers, L. E., Shah, K., Karia, K., & Panguluri, S. K. (2019). Cardiovascular risks associated with gender and aging. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 6(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd6020019

World Health Organization. (2021, June 11). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(CVDs)

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Purpose
The concepts of epidemiology provide the framework for the study of infectious and chronic health issues/diseases, which provides a rich source of data for the analysis of trends in disease and health.This assignment will offer the learner the opportunity to explore the population health effects of a topic which will be assigned by your course faculty.

As an example, you may be asked to identify populations at risk for oral health issues or, for instance, issues related to the frail living at home, and design a population health focused educational intervention for your target population.

In addition, you will look at what outcomes will be addressed to determine if your interventions are effective. This paper should integrate HP2020 and CDC information into your paper.

Activity Learning Outcomes
Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to:

Identify appropriate outcome measures and study designs applicable to epidemiological sub-fields such as infectious disease, chronic disease, environmental exposures, reproductive health, and genetics. (CO3)
Identify important sources of epidemiological data. (CO6)
Due Date: Sunday by 11:59pm MT of Week 2
Students are expected to submit assignments by the time they are due. Assignments submitted after the due date and time will receive a deduction of 10% of the total points possible for that assignment for each day the assignment is late. Assignments will be accepted, with penalty as described, up to a maximum of three days late, after which point a zero will be recorded for the assignment. Quizzes and discussions are not considered assignments and are not part of the late assignment policy.

Total Points Possible: 125 Points
Requirements

Research Topic: Your course faculty will provide you with topic/s for this assignment. Please check the NR503 Course Announcements.

Identify your target population (for instance, age or other demographic, aggregate population); this must be in your city or state.
Discuss population-based health education interventions for your target population that is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality for the problem. Be sure to review the research literature and HP2020 for interventions.
Identify how and what data for interventions is being tracked.
In a four (4) page paper, address the following. Refer to rubric for expanded details related to grading expectations.
Identify the problem in the introduction section.
Provide an overview of the problem in your state/national.
Review of descriptive epidemiological and demographic data on mortality/morbidity and risk.
HP2020: Present the goal, overview and objectives of Healthy People 2020 for the paper topic.
Population level prevention and health promotion review. Describe population and/or primary health care focused interventions. Use of scholarly literature and HP2020 is required. There should be direct correlation to evidence for all strategies.

Best Practices in Preparing the Project

Review directions and rubric through carefully.
Follow submission requirements.
Make sure all elements on the grading rubric are included. Organize the paper using the rubric sections and appropriate headings to match the sections.
Rules of grammar, spelling, word usage, and punctuation are followed and consistent with formal, scientific writing.
Title page, running head, body of paper, and reference page must follow APA guidelines as found in the current edition of the manual. This includes the use of headings for each section of the paper except for the introduction where no heading is used.
Ideas and information that come from scholarly literature must be cited and referenced correctly.
A minimum of three (3) scholarly literature references must be used. Not all references should be from scholarly web sites. You may use your textbook, but this will not count towards the three (3) scholarly literature references.
Length: Papers not adhering to the page length may be returned to you for editing to meet the length guidelines.
Adhere to the Chamberlain College of Nursing academic policy on integrity as it pertains to the submission of your own original work for assignments.