NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden
Alterations in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
The cardiovascular disease system leads to the frequent confrontation of the physician as they do their daily activity in personal care. However, a critical review of the knowledge associated with the pathophysiologic process linked to heart diseases. 45 years old woman was presented with a chief complaint of the 3-day duration of shortness of breath, fevers, and cough with sputum production. The patient also presented a history of COPD with a chronic cough which had gotten worse, interfering with sleep. The sputum had gotten thinker, limiting her expectorate. In addition, the CXR showed that the patient had an increase in AP diameter, which revealed a flattened diaphragm. Based on Auscultation, the patient also demonstrated coarse rales, rhonchi, and hyper resonance in the lung field. The paper examines the case study by analyzing the symptoms presented, diagnosis, and the implication to the patient health.
Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes
The obstruction of the air in the lungs causes (COPD) (McCance et al., 2019). As a result, the chronic inflammatory response leads to the chronic inflammatory response on either gases or noxious particles. Smoking and airway hyperresponsiveness, as well as heredity and asthma, are known common causes of COPD (McCance et al., 2019). Fibrosis, bronchus inflammation, and the loss of elastic lung fibers are the mechanisms that occur. Furthermore, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands is involved, resulting in a mismatch between perfusion and ventilation.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is classified into two types: Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. Shortness of breath is the symptom of emphysema (McCance et al., 2019). The air sacs are damaged in patients suffering from Emphysema. After weakening, the increase in air spaces in the inner walls eventually ruptures (McCance et al., 2019). As a result, the first indication of Emphysema is shortness of breath and a persistent cough with phlegm.
Chronic Bronchitis is caused by small airways and airway obstruction. Smokers and people at high risk of contracting a lung infection are the most commonly affected (McCance et al., 2019). Shortness of breath, muscle aches, nasal congestion, and wheezing are among the symptoms. Mucus hypersecretion and inflammation caused a patient to produce thick green sputum, rhonchi, and rales on auscultation (McCance et al., 2019).
Hyperinflation of the patient’s airways causes diaphragm flattening, resulting in an increase in the Anteroposterior (AP) diameter. The main cause of diaphragm flattening is air trapping and abnormal airspace enlargement (Victory et al., 2020). Furthermore, the ventilation-perfusion system can mismatch the cardiovascular system, putting a strain on the patient. The demand for oxygen in COPD patients rises due to low-level absorption and diffusion in the body (Victory et al., 2020).
As a result, the heart works harder to ensure that oxygen is delivered to various organs while the body detects the signal. The task of pumping oxygen into the body and other organs becomes difficult, resulting in heart muscle hypertrophy (Victory et al., 2020). Heart failure is the medical term for this complication. The cardiopulmonary effect makes it simple to identify COPD patients because they become tired and experience shortness of breath when engaging in strenuous activities (Victory et al., 2020).
Racial/Ethnic Variables that May Impact Physiological Functioning
Black Americans are at a high risk of hospitalization compared to Whites (Mamary et al., 2018). Among the patients in emergency room visits, fewer Black regularly have a schedule with a physician (Stellefson et al., 2021). In this case, a prolonged period of smoking, comorbidity, and a rise in the normal body mass cause an increase in the rate of hospitalization among Black Americans (Stellefson et al., 2021). Compared to non –Hispanic Whites, Black Americans are at a high risk of being admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) due to mechanical ventilation. This shows that Black Americans are more vulnerable to the exacerbation of severe COPD.
How these Processes Interact to Affect the Patient
The common cause of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder is due to smoking. The effect occurs in the lungs hindering the inflammation of the airways. In addition, smoking causes damage to the alveolar walls and disrupts the hyperactive based on the secretion of mucus (Elisha et al., 2019). As a result, one faces shortness of breath and an increase in the Anteroposterior (AP) diameter and experiences the hyperresonance of the lung fields (Elisha et al., 2019). Therefore, a patient faces the risk of poor quality of life, which causes fatigue and sleep, thus interfering with daily life.
Conclusion
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the obstruction of the airflow in the lungs. The major symptom for a patient with COPD include wheezing; the sputum gets thick and harder. In addition, a patient is likely to complain of coarse rales and rhonchi in all the lung fields.
References
Elisha, S., Nagelhout, J. J., & Heiner, J. S. (2019). Current Anesthesia Practice: Evaluation & Certification Review. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Mamary, A. J., Stewart, J. I., Kinney, G. L., Hokanson, J. E., Shenoy, K., Dransfield, M. T., … & COPDGene® Investigators. (2018). Race and gender disparities are evident in COPD underdiagnoses across all severities of measured airflow obstruction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Journal of the COPD Foundation, 5(3), 177. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6296789/
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (Eds.). (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children. Elsevier.
Stellefson, M., Wang, M. Q., & Kinder, C. (2021). Racial Disparities in Health Risk Indicators Reported by Alabamians Diagnosed with COPD. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9662. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/18/9662
Victory, L. R., Ervin, K. M., & Ridge, C. A. (2020). Imaging in chest disease. Medicine, 48(4), 249-256.
Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis SAMPLE
Cardiovascular and respiratory disorders are typically among the leading causes of hospitalization and can quickly escalate into significant healthcare difficulties. The interdependence of these two systems as contributions to overall health complicates diseases in these areas. To develop a similarly close relationship with patients, APRNs must demonstrate not only empathy and support, but also expertise to assist patients in understanding diagnosis and treatment options. This includes being aware of the patients’ medical histories, relevant features, and other factors that may influence their diagnostic and treatment options.
This week, you will investigate alterations in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, as well as the resulting illness processes. Along with patient characteristics, you must consider the impact of racial and ethnic factors on altered physiology.
In the United States, the burden of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary disorders is increasing at an alarming rate. The majority of diseases are related to lifestyle changes; however, hereditary factors may also be predisposing factors (Moonesinghe et al., 2019). The current case includes a 65-year-old man who is 8 days post-op following knee replacement surgery. Shortness of breath, palpitations, and pleuritic chest pain are all symptoms of the patient. An ECG was performed on the patient, which revealed the beginning of atrial fibrillation and right ventricular strain. The goal of this work is to describe numerous parts of the case study, such as the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes, ethnic characteristics, and their interconnections.
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Pathophysiology
Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases are characterized by insufficiency in the blood supply to all parts of the body. In this case, the patient presented with shortness of breath and pleuritic chest
pain on palpitation which could be attributed to a lack of enough oxygen supply in the lungs (Lefevre-Scelles et al., 2020). An embolism refers to the blockage in one of the arteries due to a blood clot of accumulation of fats (Kaptein et al., 2021). The condition results in inflammation in the pleural membrane that causes sharp and intense pain. The shortness of breath is due to a lack of enough oxygen in the body (Ishaaya & Tapson, 2020).
Genetic factors influence the risk of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases. The burden of the disease is high among African Americans due to variants in the ARMC5 gene (Zilbermint et al., 2018). The rs116201073 variant is common among blacks and contributes to their increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Zilbermint et al., 2019).
The race of the patient is not indicated; however, immobility and old age could have contributed to the development of the symptoms. The atrial fibrillation in the ECG report indicates a failure in the heart muscles due to the strain caused by an embolism (Ahmed & Zhu, 2020).
Conclusion
The case involves patients with symptoms of pulmonary embolism. The heart strains because of the increased demand for oxygen supply. The pain experienced by the patient result from both inflammation and lack of oxygen.
References
Ahmed, N., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Early detection of atrial fibrillation based on ECG signals. Bioengineering, 7(1), 16.
Ishaaya, E., & Tapson, V. F. (2020). Advances in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. F1000Research, 9, 44.
Kaptein, F., Kroft, L., Hammerschlag, G., Ninaber, M., Bauer, M., Huisman, M., & Klok, F. (2021). Pulmonary infarction in acute pulmonary embolism. Thrombosis Research, 202, 162-169.
Lefevre-Scelles, A., Jeanmaire, P., Freund, Y., Joly, L., Phillipon, A., & Roussel, M. (2020). Investigation of pulmonary embolism in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: A retrospective multicenter study. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 357-361.
Moonesinghe, R., Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Khoury, M. J. (2019). Prevalence and cardiovascular health impact of family history of premature heart disease in the United States: Analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007–2014. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14).
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah-Shmouni, F., Faucz, F., Minority, H. N., Davis, A., Gibbons, G., Lodish, M., & Stratakis, C. (2018). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in African Americans: Minority Health-GRID study. Endocrine Abstracts.
Zilbermint, M., Gaye, A., Berthon, A., Hannah‐Shmouni, F., Faucz, F. R., Lodish, M. B., Davis, A. R., Gibbons, G. H., & Stratakis, C. A. (2019). ARMC5 variants and risk of hypertension in blacks: MH‐GRID study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14).
NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden
An understanding of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. This importance is magnified by the fact that these two systems work so closely together. A variety of factors and circumstances that impact the emergence and severity of issues in one system can have a role in the performance of the other.
Week 1 Module 1
Our individual genes can influence our risk for various type of diseases. There are variations in our DNA and differences in how our DNA functions alongside the environment and lifestyle
that can contribute to the disease process. The instructions for generating a human are decoded in the DNA present in out cells. Most of our DNA is present in the nucleus as chromosomes.
Most of us possess 23 pairs of chromosomes so the DNA content is present in 2 copies; one from Mother and from the mother. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease of mucous glands
slippery substance your body secretes to cover and protect the lungs, digestive system, reproductive systems and others organs and tissues. Cystic fibrosis causes to the body to
produce an excessive amount of mucous that is abnormally thick and sticky. If untreated, it can lead to death. If caught early, a person can live a long health life. The first signs of cystic
fibrosis in babies are coughing, wheezing, lots of mucous in the lungs, many lung infections, shortness of breath, salty skin and slow growth. Baby tastes salty when the mother kisses her.
Parents with a cystic fibrosis gene can pass down to their kids. A child will be born with cystic fibrosis only if two cystic fibrosis genes are inherited, one from the mother and one from the
father. Cystic fibrosis is the most commonly inherited disease among Caucasians. A physiologic response is the baby tasting salty, baby swollen baby at times, crying after eating and not
Gaining weight. Cells that are Involved are the sweat cells that product sweat, mucous and digestive enzymes. It causes changes in the electrolyte transport system causing cells to absorb
too much sodium and water. Gender can play on The outcomes of this disease. Women have been described to have worse outcomes than males particularly in response to respiratory
infections with pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, as advancement in therapies have improved life expectancy, this gender disparity has been challenged. Cystic fibrosis is caused by
mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator protein. Mutations in this gene can disrupt the normal production or functioning of the CFTR
protein found in the cells of the lung and other parts of the body. This disease is recessive, meaning a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene to have cystic fibrosis.
Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond these systems and their capacity to work together. The impact of patient characteristics, as well as racial and ethnic variables, can also have an important impact.
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An understanding of the symptoms of alterations in cardiovascular and respiratory systems is a critical step in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.
In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify the elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health. NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden
To prepare:
By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to a specific case study scenario for this Case Study Assignment. Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignment from your Instructor.
Assignment (1- to 2-page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following
- The cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes that result in the patient presenting these symptoms.
- Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
- How these processes interact to affect the patient.
By Day 7 of Week 4
Submit your Case Study Analysis Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4
Reminder: The College of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The sample paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at ). All papers submitted must use this formatting. NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden
Submission and Grading Information
To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:
- Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “M2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.
- Click the Module 2 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.
- Click the Module 2 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.
- Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “M2Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.
- If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.
- Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.
Grading Criteria
To access your rubric:
Module 2 Assignment Rubric
Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity
To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:
Submit your Module 2 Assignment draft and review the originality report.
Submit Your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4
To participate in this Assignment:
Module 2 Assignment
What’s Coming Up in Module 3?
Photo Credit: [BrianAJackson]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images
In Module 3, you will analyze processes related to gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders through case study analysis. To do this, you will analyze alterations in the relevant systems and the resultant disease processes. You will also consider patient characteristics, including racial and ethnic variables, which may impact physiological functioning and altered physiology. NURS 6501 Module 2 Assignment: Case Study Analysis Walden
Week 5 Knowledge Check: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Disorders
In Week 5 Knowledge Check, you will demonstrate your understanding of the topics covered during Module 3. This Knowledge Check will be composed of a series of questions related to specific scenarios provided. It is highly recommended that you review the Learning Resources in their entirety prior to taking the Knowledge Check since the resources cover the topics addressed. Plan your time accordingly.
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- Analyze processes related to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders
- Analyze alterations in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the resultant disease processes
- Analyze racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning
- Evaluate the impact of patient characteristics on disorders and altered physiology
Learning Resources
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examing the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:
Explain both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms. |
28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response describes the patient symptoms. The response includes accurate reasons, with explanation for both the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. |
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate. The response includes reasons for the cardiovascular and/or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, with explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. |
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing. The response does not include reasons for either the cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate or no evidence/research. |
| Explain how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient. |
28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.
|
25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.
|
23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.
|
0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiologic processes interact to affect the patient.
|
| Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. |
23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
|
20 (20%) – 22 (22%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation.
|
18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations based on inappropriate evidence/research.
|
0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
|
| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. |
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. |
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. |
| Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
|
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
|
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
|
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
|
| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. |
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors.
|
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.
|
3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors.
|
0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.
|
| Total Points: 100 |
|---|
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