Assignment: NURS 6512 Cologuard as used in Healthcare
Assignment: NURS 6512 Cologuard as used in Healthcare
Walden University
Introduction
Colorectal cancer, often known as colon cancer, is the third most common cancer in men and women. Fortunately, it is detectable and preventable with early screening approaches that may begin as early as age 45. To identify abnormalities in the colon, colonoscopy is the recommended form of colon cancer screening, a sort of imaging examination. The procedure is carried out by introducing a camera-equipped flexible tube into the anus and rectum. Cologuard, a less invasive and more convenient alternative to colonoscopy, has gained popularity. Cologuard’s usage has increased in popularity due to the COVID-19 epidemic, owing to its ease of administration. While the Cologuard screening has some advantages, it also has some disadvantages. A significant worry is its inaccuracy, making it not a substitute for a colonoscopy. This paper will cover the goal of the Cologuard test, how it is administered, the data obtained, and the test’s validity and reliability, among others.
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Description of how Cologuard is used in Healthcare
Cologuard is a rectal and colon cancer screening test. Each day, the colon loses cells from its lining. These cells move through the colon with the excrement. Specific genes in cancer cells may have undergone mutations. Cologuard is capable of detecting the changed DNA. The presence of abnormal cells or blood in faces may suggest the presence of cancer or precancerous tumors. Cologuard is designed to identify DNA markers associated with colorectal neoplasia and detect occult hemoglobin in human faces. A positive result might suggest the presence of colorectal cancer (CRC) or advanced adenoma and should be followed up with a diagnostic colonoscopy (Ned et al., 2011). Cologuard may be used by those with 45 years and above also having an average risk of getting colorectal cancer. Cologuard is not a substitute for colonoscopy monitoring or diagnostic colonoscopy in high-risk people. Colon cancer may be detected with Cologuard since the colon’s lining releases cells daily. These cells eventually end up in the feaces. The feaces may also include abnormal cells from a malignant tumor or precancerous polyp and blood from any ruptured blood vessels. Polyps are benign growths on the surface of the colon that have the potential to develop into cancer.
Cologuard’s instructions are straightforward, and the screening process is completed in a matter of minutes. The test should be completed within five days after obtaining the kit. After obtaining the kit, begin by removing all materials except those required for the sample. The sample of the stool should not exceed the size of the liquid bottle contained in the package. Attempting to avoid getting pee on the sample is critical. This may be accomplished by emptying the bladder first and avoiding contaminating the faces sample with toilet paper or other things. The sample should be obtained when a person knows he or she can return the sample within a day of collection (Ned et al., 2011). After that, the huge sample container is inserted into the toilet bracket using the included instructions. A fecal sample must be taken using the large sample container when one is on the toilet. It is important to remove a sample container from the toilet mount after collecting it, then set it on a flat surface. Place the scraped sample in a small test tube. Before labeling and sealing the tiny and big sample containers, apply the preservative to the larger container. Before delivering the sample to the lab, be sure to follow the included packing instructions to the letter. Cologuard is a stool test that detects DNA and hemoglobin (blood) produced by these aberrant cells.
Validity and Reliability Cologuard Test
Cologuard is a test intended to identify cancer, not prevent it (JAMA , 2014). Cologuard detects just 42% of big polyps, while a colonoscopy detects 95% of large polyps. When polyps are discovered during a colonoscopy, they are simultaneously removed. If polyps are found using Cologuard, they must be removed by colonoscopy. Cologuard cannot identify the majority of big precancerous polyps. This may give patients the erroneous impression that they avoid colon cancer by getting the Cologuard test. In a nutshell, there is no genuine substitute for a colonoscopy. Due to its astounding success rate in diagnosing colorectal cancer early on, the illness has become one of the most preventable types of cancer (Imperiale et al., 2014). While alternative tests, such as Cologuard, are available and may have some advantages, such as little preparation and invasiveness, the findings are less trustworthy. Individuals with abnormal results will still need a colonoscopy for confirmation.
Cologuard testing has several downsides, most notably accuracy, particularly when compared to a colonoscopy. Cologuard has an overall sensitivity of 95.2 percent for colon cancer (Exact Sciences, 2022). Additional studies revealed a sensitivity of 57.2 percent for all advanced precancerous lesions and 83.3 percent for high-grade dysplasia. Colonoscopy detects precancerous lesions and polyps more accurately than stool sample testing, according to Li (2018). Physicians prefer to send patients for colonoscopies rather than a stool test since false positives are more common. The major purpose of screening tests is to rule out illnesses like cancer; therefore, sensitivity is a critical consideration. Imperiale et al. (2014) argue that with an 87 percent overall specificity, the DNA test’s sensitivity for advanced precancerous lesions was half that of colorectal cancer.
References
Exact Sciences, (2022). Exact Sciences presents data showing improved accuracy of second-generation Cologuard® test and progress toward an even better colorectal cancer screening solution for patients.
Imperiale, T. F., Ransohoff, D. F., Itzkowitz, S. H., Levin, T. R., Lavin, P., Lidgard, G. P., Ahlquist, D. A., & Berger, B. M. (2014). Multitarget stool DNA testing for colorectal-cancer screening. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(14), 1287–1297.
Li, D. (2018). Recent advances in colorectal cancer screening. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, 4(03), 139–147.
Ned, R. M., Melillo, S., & Marrone, M. (2011). Fecal DNA testing for colorectal cancer screening: The ColoSureTM test. PLoS Currents, 3.
A Stool DNA Test (Cologuard) for Colorectal Cancer Screening. (2014). JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(23), 2566. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.15746
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NURS_6512_Week_4_Assignment_1_Rubric
| Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | ||
| Using the SOAP (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan) note format: · Create documentation, following SOAP format, of your assignment to choose one skin condition graphic (identify by number in your Chief Complaint). · Use clinical terminologies to explain the physical characteristics featured in the graphic. |
Points Range: 30 (30%) – 35 (35%)
The response clearly, accurately, and thoroughly follows the SOAP format to document one skin condition graphic and accurately identifies the graphic by number in the Chief Complaint. The response clearly and thoroughly explains all physical characteristics featured in the graphic using accurate terminologies. |
Points Range: 24 (24%) – 29 (29%)
The response accurately follows the SOAP format to document one skin condition graphic and accurately identifies the graphic by number in the Chief Complaint. The response explains most physical characteristics featured in the graphic using accurate terminologies. |
Points Range: 18 (18%) – 23 (23%)
The response follows the SOAP format, with vagueness and some inaccuracy in documenting one skin condition graphic, and accurately identifies the graphic by number in the Chief Complaint. The response explains some physical characteristics featured in the graphic using mostly accurate terminologies. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response inaccurately follows the SOAP format or is missing documentation for one skin condition graphic and is missing or inaccurately identifies the graphic by number in the Chief Complaint. The response explains some or few physical characteristics featured in the graphic using terminologies with multiple inaccuracies. |
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| · Formulate a different diagnosis of three to five possible considerations for the skin graphic. · Determine which is most likely to be the correct diagnosis, and explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature. | Points Range: 45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
The response clearly, thoroughly, and accurately formulates a different diagnosis of five possible considerations for the skin graphic. The response determines the most likely correct diagnosis with reasoning that is explained clearly, accurately, and thoroughly using three or more different references from current evidence-based literature. |
Points Range: 39 (39%) – 44 (44%)
The response accurately formulates a different diagnosis of three to five possible considerations for the skin graphic. The response determines the most likely correct diagnosis with reasoning that is explained accurately using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature. |
Points Range: 33 (33%) – 38 (38%)
The response vaguely or with some inaccuracy formulates a different diagnosis of three possible considerations for the skin graphic. The response determines the most likely correct diagnosis with reasoning that is explained vaguely and with some inaccuracy using three different references from current evidence-based literature. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 32 (32%)
The response formulates inaccurately, incompletely, or is missing a different diagnosis of possible considerations for the skin graphic, with two or fewer possible considerations provided. The response vaguely, inaccurately, or incompletely determines the most likely correct diagnosis with reasoning that is missing or explained using two or fewer different references from current evidence-based literature. |
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| Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. |
Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive. |
Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided. |
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| Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation |
Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. |
Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. |
Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding. |
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| Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. | Points Range: 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. |
Points Range: 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors. |
Points Range: 3 (3%) – 3 (3%)
Contains several (3 or 4) APA format errors. |
Points Range: 0 (0%) – 2 (2%)
Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors. |
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| Total Points: 100 | |||||
Name: NURS_6512_Week_4_Assignment_1_Rubric
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